let $A \in \mathbb{R}^{n \times n}, f(x) = Ax$

$A$ 為保長映射(length-preserving map)或等距同構(isometry),以下為等價定義方式:

$\mathcal{Def}$.
  1. $A$ is orthogonal matrix
  2. $||Ax|| = ||x||$
  3. $||Ax - Ay|| = ||x - y||$
  4. $(Ax)^T(Ay) = x^Ty$

$\Rightarrow$ 旋轉